An
introduction to English Semantics and Pragmatics
By Patrick
Griffits
Chapter 1.
Semantic which is
talking about the real meaning used by people and pragmatic that has another
meaning used by people. So it means a word has its own meaning based on where
it is used or in a social context.
I will give you
an example, let see how they can have another meaning.
5.
1.1 Studying meaning
Differences Pragmatics between Semantics
Semantics : Real meaning
Pragmatics :
The example of pragmatics and semantics
in Indonesian Language
Pragmatics
|
Semantics
|
·
Masak sih (to
convince something)
·
Iya kali (
maybe)
·
Mampus lo
dikacangin, (dicuekin)
·
Barang mah lo
yg mager .
·
Lu mah
ngebantalin gua .
·
Malang amat
nasib lo
|
·
Masak in a real
meaning is cooking.
·
Kali has so
many meaning in indonesian language
there are in mathematics,example
1 x 3 = , and then kali sungai yg trdapat di desa-desa example : kali
cinta, kotabumi utara, lampung utara.
·
Kacang is
vegetables.
·
Barang is thing
·
Bantal is one
thing to sleep.
·
Malang is the
place in Indonesia .
|
1.2types
of meaning
Senders meaning is the
meaning that the speaker or writer intends to convey by means of utterance. So
utterance meaning is a necessary fiction that linguists doing semantics and
pragmatics have to work with.
·
Literal meaning :
the real meaning
1.3
Entailment
entailment is a centrally important type of inference
in semantics.
Example : 1a. She
is beautiful
1b. She is a girl.
1c. She is beautiful => she is a girl
2a. Mela has arrived in Bangladesh
2b. Mela is in Bangladesh.
2c. Mela has arrived in Bangladesh => Mela is in Bangladesh
Chapter 2
Adjective meaning
2.1 little-small-not big
Small –
little in size
Big- large
in size
Much- large
in quantity
Large-
ample in extent
Tiny – very
small
2.2.1 Synonyms is equivalence of sense.
Example =
1a. Mela is smart .
Mela is
diligent.
1b. mela is smart => mela is diligent.
Paraphrase :
Example :
1a. you said mela is smart, so that means she is
diligent.
1b. you said mela is diligent, so that means she is
smart.
Converses.
Example =
1a. Dedi is taller than his friends.
1b. His friends are shorter than Dedi.
Chapter 3
Noun Vocabulary
1.1 Prototypes are clear, central members of the
denotation of a word.
1.
A prototype face
has two eyes
2.
A prototype face
has a nose
3.
A prototype face
has a mouth
4.
A prototype face
has a roof
5.
A prototype face
has a door
6.
A prototype face
has a window
1.2. parts can have parts
Example : parts of computer
Monitor ,
keyboard , mouse ,mouse alternatives , trackball, touchpad.
1.3.
incompatibility
incompatibility is about contrast;
breakfast, lunch, dinner.
Chapter 4
Verbs and situations
4.1 Causatives
The sentences in the left-hand column of
table 4.1 are causatives and each one entails the sentences to its right .
Examples of causatives sentences with an
entailment from each.
Causatives
|
Entailments
|
The thought made her gleeful.
The children got the kite to fly .
Bad weather forces us to cancel the
picnic.
I had the students read this article .
The lock prevented him from opening
the door.( a negative causative)
|
She was gleeful.
The kite flew.
We are cancelling he picnic.
The students read this article.
He did not open the door (that time)
|
Chapter 5
Figurative Language
5.1 literal and figurative usage
Literal language uses word exactly according to their
proper meanings or precise definitions.
Figurative usage uses words deviating from their
proper definitions in order to achieve a more complicated understanding or
heightened effect.
Chapter 6
6.1 Tense
Past
tense present tense future tense
|
Sample aspect past simple present simple future simple
Go went will go
|
Progressive aspect past
progressive present progressive future progressive
Was/were
going am/is/are going will be going
|
Perfect aspect past perfect present perfect future perfect
Had gone have/has gone will have gone
|
6.2 Aspect
A.spect is about grammatical resources for encoding
the time profiles of states and events within in interval of time.
6.2.1 habitually and simple aspect
(6.11) a. she
likes junk food . (state)
b. the clown pops the balloon nowadays (achievement)
Chapter 7
Modality, Scope, and quantification
Modality is the term for a cluster of meanings centred
on the notions of necessity and possibility.
7.1 a . this has to be a good
b. you can
go in now
c. you are not able to come in my house until
tomorrow
d. beach could be blue.
7.1.1 modal verbs and tense
a. could/
would you please open the door?
b. wiil/can
you help me?
7.1.2
Deontic , epistemic .
Example of epistemic :
a.
They meet In the
campus to study tomorrow.
b.
They may meet In
the campus to study tomorrow.
a.
Ara went by car
b.
Ara probably went
by car
Example of deontic :
a.
You can eat fried
chicken every day.
b.
You should answer
his question.
c.
You must be come
in the final exam.
Relative scope
a.
You must not
provide a receipt
b.
You don’t have to
provide a receipt
c.
You must provide
a receipt
d.
You have to
provide a receipt
A conventioanal notation that is helpful
is used in , and explained immediately below the example.
a.
Necessarily
(not(you provide a receipt)
b.
Not (necessarily
(you provide a receipt)
c.
Necessarily (you
provide a receipt)
Chapter 8
Pragmatics
8.1 Conversational
implicatures are inferences that depend on the existence of norms for the use
of language.
8.2 quality – try to be
truthful when communicating
Quantity- give appropriate amounts of
information, not too little and not
too much.
Manner- utterances should be clear;
brief, orderly and not to obscure.
Relevance – contributions should be
relevant to the assumed current goals of the people involved.
A maxim is a pithy
piece of widely-applicable advice.
8.1.1 implicatures from
the quantity maxim
An implicature relating
to the low end of the quantity maxim- giving too little information.
a.
That is an
interesting accent, let me guess where you are from, are you from America?
b.
“No”
8.1.2 implicatures from
manner
a.
Helen switched
the lights off.
b.
Helen caused the
lights to go off. She did it in an unusual way’.
Chapter 9
Connecting utterances to the
background
9.1 definiteness
In noun phrase is a significant
aspect of the grammar of English and will be used as starting point here.
9.2.1 pseudo-clefts
a. what hit the sofa was the
meteorite
b. what the meteorite hit was the
sofa
c. the meteorite hit the sofa.
9.2.2 it-clefts
a. it was her grandma who took judy to
the Potter film
b. it was judy who grandma took to the
potter film
c. it was the potter film that her
grandma took judy to.
9.2.3.passives
a. the conspirators liked the scheme
b. the scheme was liked by the
conspirators
9.3 focal stress
Is syntactically located intonaional
prominence doing semantic or pragmatic signaling work.
To illustrate how focal stress tries
in with syntax.
a. Could you [email [her [new BOSS?]]]
b. No but I could email her new
SECretary.
c. No, but I could email her university
d. No, but I could email MEEna.
e. No, but I could GO there
.
.
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