Psycholinguistics
1. Why are linguists interested in
describing rather than prescribing grammar?
2. What is the distinction between
linguistic competence and linguistic performance?
3. What is meant by encoding and
decoding in reference to sentence processing? What must the speaker and the
hearer share in order for these processes to take place?
4. Why is coarticulation so important
for speech perception?
5. How does prosodic information help
the parser avoid garden paths?
6. When the basic meanings of sentences
are stored in memory, what kind of information is lost? What kind of
information is added?
7. Explain the difference between elaborative
inferences and bridging inferences, and try to come up with a couple of
examples for each.
8. Why are advanced academic courses
frequently perceived as easier than introductory courses?
9. How does the use of non-literal language
allow us to distinguish between locution, illocutionary force, and
perlocutionary force?
10. Distinguish between interactional and
transactional discourse. How do they differ? Which seems to be more difficult
for adults as well as children?
Answer
1. Linguistics mostly interested in
describing the rule of grammar rather than prescribing grammar because
describing grammar learn how to used the rule of grammar like words, phrases,
clause, and sentences which is been studied which are not using person’s
perception (correct or incorrect) about the used of language .
2. Linguistics competence is speaker’s
knowledge . the knowledge which the speaker have. Linguistics performance is
the speaker’s ability to perform the language used in front of people.
3. Encoding is how the articulatory produced
based on the way the sentence is producted, from lexical, syntactic,
grammatical and the articulary begin
produce.
Picture -> lexical production-> syntactic production ->
grammatical production-> articulatory produced.
Decoding : the hearer have produced the articulation of speech . before
it is going to syntactic lexical and grammatical production.
Picture : syntactic production <- lexical production <- grammatical
production <- articulary produced .
4. Coarticulation is important for
speech to distinguish perception. The major perception on the coarticulation is
production the sto[ consonant . for example : coarticulation usage distinguish
between the word bag and back or snake and snack in a speech sound.
5. Prosodic information help the person to
avoid garden path because is contains more information to make the sentence
understandable. If the prosodic information does not accure to the sentence the
individual probably have multiple ways to interpret the sentences.
6. When the basic meanings of sentence are stored
in memory , un important meaning will be lost and added by the other
information which support the existed meaning.
7. Elaborative inference is a sentence
which can be needed or not , bridging inference is a sentence which connect
between the two sentences (to bridge sentences become connected)
8. Academic advanced is easier because
the learner have already known the knowledge ( the knowledge already exist in
the learners mind) rather than introduced from very beginning of the
introduction is more difficult.
9. Locution is only a word (lexical)
used daily conversation/all conversation. Illocusionary force usedwhen we use
lexicon in order to ask somethingto other, perlocutionary force used when the
other do what we ask them by using lexicon.
10. Interactional discourse is discourse
used in social function (for maintaining relationship) ex : chatting smalltalk
talking in a reunion, in contrast, transactional discourse is used in trading
information. For instance ; business negotiation, market conversation, news on
tv.
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